[语法][高中]动词的时态与语态（三）
动词的时态与语态，高考有5个考点，本文主要介绍第4个考点：被动语态的构成及用法。
高考考点
- 常见十种时态的基本概念和用法
- 易混时态的用法比较
- 某些固定句式中的时态
- 被动语态的构成及用法
- 主动形式表示被动意义
被动语态的构成及用法
英语中有两种语态，即主动语态(Active Voice)和被动语态(Passive Voice)，当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语动词用主动语态形式；当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语动词用被动语态形式。只有及物动词和相当于及物动词的词组才可以有被动语态。
1．被动语态的构成：“助动词be+过去分词”
助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化，其变化与对态中的变化一致，另外它也可以构成否定或疑问式。以动词do为例，将被动语态的各种构成形式列表如下：
| 情况 | 构成 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | am/is/are done | You are wanted on the phone.有电话找你。 |
| 一般过去时 | was/were done | The city was liberated in 1948.这座城市是1948年解放的。 |
| 一般将来时 | shall/will be done | They will be invited to my birthday party．他们将被邀请参加我的生日晚会。 |
| 过去将来时 | would be doe | He said that the trees would be planted.他说要把树栽上。 |
| 现在进行时 | am/is/are being done | The question is being discussed at the meeting.这个问题正在会上讨论。 |
| 过去进行时 | was/were being done | The wall was being painted then．当时那面墙正在被刷漆。 |
| 现在完成时 | have/has been done | This story has been translated into many languages.这个故事已被译成多种语言。 |
| 过去完成时 | had been done | The work had been finished before dark．天黑前工作就完成了。 |
| 含有情态动词 | 情态动词+be done | This car must not be parked here.这辆汽车不能停在这儿。 |
| 动词不定式 | to be done(一般式) to have been done(完成式) | The murderer was sure to be punished.凶手一定会受到惩罚。 |
| 动词-ing | being done(一般式) having been done(完成式) | Many people enjoy being accompanied by pets.很多人喜欢宠物陪伴。 |
2．被动语态的基本用法
(1)当强调动作的承受者，将承受者作为谈话的中心时用被动语态。例如：
The important problem has been discussed for nearly two weeks.那个重要的问题已经被讨论近两个星期了。
How long has the machine been used?这台机器使用多久了？
(2)当没有必要说出动作的执行者或根本不知道动作执行者是谁时常用被动语态。例如：
Breakfast is provided in our company from 7 to 9 o'clock on weekdays.工作日时，公司在七点至九点提供早餐。
All the work has been finished by now．到现在为止所有的工作都已经做完了。
(3)当动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物时常用被动语态。例如：
The window glass was broken by a stone.窗户玻璃是被石头打碎的。
This programme has been broadcast by the local radio station several times．当地电台已把这个节目播放了好几次了。
(4)有时出于礼貌，不便提到动作的执行者，此时用被动语态。动作的执行者有可能是别人也有可能是自己。例如：
He has been told many times not to make noises.有人多次告诉他不要吵闹。
Enough has been done for you, but you've made little progress.
提示：
(1)“get十过去分词”结构的用法
get可用作连系动词和过去分词连用构成被动语态，多用于口语，且其后不用“by十执行者”，主要用来表示状态或结果。例如：
The boy got hurt on his way home from school.这个男孩在放学回家的路上受了伤。
You have to get dressed before 7 o'clock.七点钟前你必须穿戴好。
(2)感官动词和使役动词的被动语态
感官动词和使役动词带省略to的不定式作宾语补足语变成被动语态时，要把不定式的符号to带上。例如:
The thief was seen to cross the river by the police.警方看见那个小偷过了河。
The girl was heard to play the violin in the next room.有人听见小女孩在隔壁拉小提琴。
(3)短语动词的被动语态
短语动词变为被动语态时，一般要把短语动词当作一个整体变为被动形式，后面的介词或副词不能省略。例如：
Bad habits have been done away with.坏习惯已经改掉了。
The patient is being operated on．病人正在接受手术。
We take good care of the books.我们好好爱惜这些书。
—>The books are taken good care of，（动词十名词十介词）
—>或 Good care is taken of the books.
(4)汉语中表示“据说／据报道……”等句型，在英语中一般用被动结构表示。例如：
It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.据报道，明天将有雨。
It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp,众所周知，托马斯·爱迪生发明了，电灯。
(5)被动语态与系表结构的区别
被动语态表示动作，主语是动作的承受者；而系表结构则表示主语的特征或所处的状态。例如：
She was frightened by his ghost story.她被他的鬼故事吓坏了。
She was frightened of snakes．她害怕蛇。
例题
- When we got there after the accident, we were told that the injured _____ to the nearest hospital.
A.were sent
B.had been sent
C.has been sent
D.are sending
答案：B。考查过去完成时的被动语态。伤者被送往最近医院是在我们被告知之前，所以用过去完成时，又由于伤员是被送，所以用被动语态。句意：当事故后到达那儿时，我们被告知伤员已经被送往最近的医院了。